Sanja Ivčević Neobjavljeni privjesci rimske konjske orme iz Salone Unpublished pendants on Roman riding harnesses from Salona Sanja Ivčević Sanja Ivčević HR, 21000 Split Croatia, 21000 Split Arheološki muzej Split Archaeological Museum - Split Zrinsko-Frankopanska 25 Zrinsko-Frankopanska 25 sanja.ivcevic@armus.hr sanja.ivcevic@armus.hr UDK: 904:739 (497.5 Split) “00“ UDK: 904:739 (497.5 Split) “00“ 739:636.1 “00“ 739:636.1 “00“ Izvorni znanstveni članak Original scientiic paper Primljeno: 17. 4. 2009. Received: 17 April 2009 Prihvaćeno: 24. 6. 2009. Accepted: 24 June 2009 Privjesci rimske konjske orme vješali su se pomoću falere ili Pendants on Roman riding harnesses were hung with the help of izravno na remenje konja kako bi pridonijeli dojmu koji je phalerae or directly on the straps to contribute to the impression konjanik ostavljao svojom pojavom; no nisu služili samo kao ukras, made by the rider’s appearance. Their function, however, was not nego im se oblikom, detaljima ili prikazima na njima dodavalo only decorative, as the form, details or the images on them added simbolično značenje. Najvažnija je bila zaštitna uloga privjesaka, a symbolic meaning. Their protective role was the most important, koji su čuvali od zla i nesreće. Obrađeni predmeti pripadaju i.e. they were meant to ward of evil or misfortune. The analyzed različitim tipovima privjesaka, a kako su u Muzej dospjeli kao items belong to various pendant groups. Since they arrived in the slučajni nalazi pa nam detaljne okolnosti nalaza nisu poznate, Museum as chance inds, and detailed circumstances surrounding datirani su pomoću analognih primjeraka s različitih rimskih their discovery are not known, they were dated with the help of lokaliteta. Oprema konja, pa tako i način ukrašavanja ovisili su o analogous examples from various Roman-era sites. Riding gear, statusu konjanika u društvu, odnosno o vojničkom rangu. Od šest including its manner of decoration, relected the social status of ovdje obrađenih privjesaka iz Salone, dva pripadaju lunulastima, the rider, i.e. his military rank. The pendants analyzed here are of dva trodijelnima listolikima, jedan je suzoliki, te jedan srcoliki. various types, but they were dated within the framework of the Vremenski pripadaju 1. st. irst century. Ključne riječi: privjesci konjske orme, rimska vojna oprema, Salona Key words: riding harness pendants, Roman riding gear, Salona 75 Sanja Ivčević Neobjavljeni privjesci rimske konjske orme iz Salone Unpublished pendants on Roman riding harnesses from Salona Prilikom revizije srednjovjekovne zbirke Arheološkog muzeja During a re-examination of the medieval collection of the u Splitu pokazalo se da jedan dio predmeta pripada rimskom Archaeological Museum in Split, it was ascertained that a part of vremenu. Uglavnom se radi o dijelovima vojničke opreme, a the materials actually belonged to the Roman era. Generally these kako su nedavno obrađeni privjesci konjske orme iz Salone, consisted of military equipment, and since the riding harness ovdje donosimo, kao nadopunu tom članku, i šest naknadno pendants from Salona were recently analyzed,1 as a supplement to pronađenih primjeraka.2 that article, I here present six subsequently found examples.2 1 These items belong to diferent pendant types, and since they Obrađeni predmeti pripadaju različitim tipovima privjesaka, a kako su u Muzej dospjeli kao slučajni nalazi pa nam detaljne arrived in the Museum as chance discoveries, and no detailed okolnosti nalaza nisu poznate, datirani su pomoću analognih circumstances are known, they were dated by using analogous primjeraka s raznih rimskih lokaliteta. Jedini podatak o privjescima examples from various Roman-era sites. The only data on the je lokalitet s kojega potječu te, za pojedine predmete, godina pendants are the sites from which they came and, for some items, nabave. the year of their procurement. Riding gear was decorated with metal ixtures, not only Konjska orma ukrašavala se metalnim dodacima, i to ne samo na način da su funkcionalni dijelovi konjske opreme dobivali by giving the functional components of this gear a decorative i ukrasnu dimenziju (kopče, razvodnici i sl.) već su se dodavali dimension (buckles, bit rings, etc.) but also by adding exclusively i isključivo ukrasni dijelovi, koji su pridonosili dojmu koji je decorative components, which contributed to the impression konjanik ostavljao svojom pojavom. Oprema konja ovisila je o created by the rider’s appearance. Riding gear depended on the statusu konjanika u društvu, odnosno o vojničkom rangu. Pri social status of the rider, i.e. his military rank. Classiication of a određivanju nekog predmeta kao dijela vojničke opreme, osobito given item as a component of military equipment, particularly kad su okolnosti u kojima je pronađen nepoznate, pomažu when the circumstances of its discovery are not known, is aided brojni slični nalazi iz vojnih logora, prikazi konjanika na vojničkim by numerous similar inds from military camps, portrayals of nadgrobnim spomenicima te opisi konjaništva u izvorima. horsemen on military grave monuments,3 and descriptions of Pomoću prikaza na spomenicima, premda je na njima oprema cavalry in the sources.4 Based on the portrayals on the monuments, često pojednostavnjena ili samo naznačena, moguće je barem even if the gear on them is simpliied or vaguely indicated, it približno odrediti način na koji su privjesci nošeni te utvrditi nonetheless is possible to approximate the manner in which socijalni i vojnički statut nositelja. Pisani su izvori značajni jer pendants were worn, and the social and military status of the sadrže velik broj podataka o vojnoj opremi, bilo da izravno opisuju bearer. Written sources are important because a great deal of data način proizvodnje i uporabe vojničke opreme, bilo da to čine on military equipment, whether they directly or indirectly describe neizravno, u povijesnim opisima, pravničkim spisima i sl. Privjesci the methods for production and use of military gear, and through orme nisu služili isključivo kao ukras već im se oblikom, detaljem historical descriptions, legal documents, etc. Harness pendants ili prikazima na njima dodavalo simboličko značenje. Najvažnija did not serve exclusively as decorations, rather their form, details je bila zaštitna uloga, kako bi se od konja i konjanika odvratili zlo or the images on them added a symbolic meaning. The protective i nesreća. Simboličko značenje konjaničkih privjesaka možemo role was most important, as they were meant to ward of evil and samo pretpostaviti, no s priličnom sigurnošću, jer je vjerovanje u misfortune. The symbolic meaning of riding harness pendants moć simbola u rimsko doba bila iznimno raširena. Vjerojatno su can only be assumed, as belief in the power of symbols was privjesci imali zaštitnu ulogu za konja i konjanika, osobito lunulasti very widespread in the Roman era. Pendants probably had this i falusoidni, a snaga djelovanja tih dvaju simbola pojačavala se protective role for both the horse and rider, particularly the lunular 3 1 2 3 4 4 Ivčević 2008. Predmete je konzervirala I. Prpa Stojanac. Crteže je izradio B. Penđer, fotograije T. Seser. Bishop 1988, str. 68-91, donosi i analizira neke nadgrobne spomenike; također za konjaničke spomenike vidi: Gabelmann 1973 i Jenkins 1985, str. 151, bilj. 17. Na području rimske Dalmacije sačuvano je nekoliko vojničkih spomenika koji prikazuju konjanika, i to oba tipa spomenika (oni koji prikazuju jahača kako napada neprijatelja i oni koji u donjem polju stele prikazuju slugu kako vodi konja). Nažalost, zbog loše očuvanosti na tim se spomenicima oprema ne vidi dobro. Kao primjer za prvi tip navedimo stelu iz Narone, Cambi 1980, str. 136, sl. 5; stela iz Trilja, Cambi 2008, str. 102, sl. 27; ulomak stele Marka Percenija iz Trilja, Tončinić 2004; stelema s prikazom konja kojeg vodi sluga pripada na primjer ona Marka Elvadija iz Košuta kod Garduna, Schönauer 2001, str. 256-259, T. X. Bishop, Coulston 2006, str. 39-42. 1 2 3 4 Ivčević 2008. The items were restored by I. Prpa Stojanac. Sketches were made by B. Penđer, photograph by T. Seser. Bishop 1988, pp. 68-91, provides and analyzes some grave monuments, also for cavalry monuments see: Gabelmann 1973 and Jenkins 1985, p. 151, note 17. Several military monuments depicting horsemen have been preserved in the territory of Roman Dalmatia - both types of monuments (those depicting the rider attacking an opponent and those which in the lower stela show a servant leading the horse). Unfortunately, due to the poor state of preservation of these monuments, the riding gear cannot be seen very well. An example of the irst type is a stela from Narona, Cambi 1980, p. 136, Fig. 5; a stela from Trilj, Cambi 2008, p. 102, Fig. 27; a fragment of the stela of Marcus Percenius from Trilj, Tončinić 2004; stelae depicting a horse led by a servant, for example that of Marcus Elvadius from Košute at Gardun, Schönauer 2001, pp. 256-259, P. X. Bishop, Coulston 2006, pp. 39-42. 77 VAPD 102, 2009., 75-91 kod nekih tipova još i prikazom ige.5 and phalloid pendants, and the power of these two symbols was Od šest ovdje obrađenih privjesaka iz Salone, dva pripadaju lunulastima, dva trodijelnima listolikima, jedan je suzoliki, a jedan enhanced on some types by the additional portrayal of a “iga ist” (a ist with thumb tucked beneath the ingers).5 Of the six pendants from Salona covered here, two are lunular, srcoliki. Lunulasti privjesci čest su nalaz na lokalitetima rimskog doba. Javljaju se od vremena cara Augusta i traju tijekom cijeloga 1. st.6 two are three-piece foliate pendants, one is tear-shaped, and one is heart-shaped. Lunula je imala zaštitno značenje i vjerojatno je to jedan od razloga Lunular pendants are a frequent ind at Roman-era sites. They dobrog prihvaćanja tog oblika.7 Običaj ukrašavanja konjske orme appeared throughout the era of Emperor Augustus and the entire takvim privjescima već je postojao kod keltskih konjanika, a od irst century.6 The lunula had protective symbolism and it was augustovskog doba privjeske rabe i rimski konjanici. probably one of the reasons why this form was so widely adopted.7 8 Privjesak pod kataloškim brojem 1 pripada uobičajenim The custom of decorating riding harnesses with such pendants had oblicima, koji su čest nalaz na vojnim i civilnim lokalitetima. already existed among Celtic horsemen, while as of the Augustan Prema Bishopovoj tipologiji privjesaka možemo ga svrstati u tip era Roman horsemen also used these pendants.8 The pendant under catalogue number 1 belongs among 9d. Radi se o inačici sa zaobljenim ramenima i ušicom izrađenom savijanjem prema naprijed. Lunulasti privjesci jako su dobro the customary forms, which are frequently found at military and zastupljeni, s iznimkom inačica sa četvrtastim gornjim dijelom, civilian sites. According to Bishop’s typology, these pendants can koje su rijetke (tip Bishop 9a-c). Privjesci tog tipa uglavnom be classiied as type 9d. This is a variant with rounded shoulders su imali posebno izrađen središnji privjesak obješen u sredini and loops rendered by bending forward. Lunular pendants are very lunule. Na našem primjerku je listolikog oblika, obješen pomoću well represented, with the exception of the variant with squarish ušice savijene prema natrag. Središnji privjesci, koje Bishop upper section, which are rare (Bishop 9a-c type). Pendants of izdvaja u skupinu 8 i ne datira preciznije, različitih su oblika, a this type generally had a separately made central pendant hung zajedničko obilježje im je da su malih dimenzija i imaju ušicu inside the lunula. On the example examined here, it is leaf-shaped, izrađenu savijanjem, a ne lijevanjem. Isti su se oblici izrađivali i u hung with the help of a backward-bent loop. Central pendants, većim dimenzijama i rabili kao samostalni privjesci. Ovi manjih which Bishop set aside into group 8 and did not date precisely, dimenzija mogli su također služiti kao privjesci vojničke pregače.9 assumed various forms, but what they had in common were small Privjesci malih dimenzija u obliku falusa mogli su služiti i kao dimensions and a loop made by drawing or bending rather than središnji privjesak, no često su se nosili oko vrata kao amuleti i bez forging. The same forms were made in larger dimensions as well okolnosti nalaza teško ih je pripisati vojničkoj opremi.10 and used as separate pendants altogether. These smaller examples M. C. Bishop u svojoj tipologiji privjesaka posebno izdvaja could also be used as pendants on military apron.9 Small phallus- lunulaste (tip 9), kojem pripada naš primjerak pod kataloškim shaped pendants could also serve as central pendants, but often brojem 1, te dvije skupine lunulastih falusoidnih: tip 6, kod kojeg they were worn as amulets, and without the circumstances of their je lunula okrenuta prema dolje, i tip 10, s lunulom okrenutom discovery it is diicult to ascribe them to military gear.10 In his pendant typology, M. C. Bishop particularly classiied prema gore, kojem pripada naš privjesak pod kataloškim brojem 2. Osim ovdje obrađenog privjeska, iz Salone potječu još dva lunular pendants (type 9), to which the example here under lunulasto-falusoidna privjeska. Oba pripadaju skupini 10, različitim catalogue number 1 belongs, and two groups of a lunular-phalloid inačicama (10c i 10r), koje su obje prilično rijetko zastupljene.11 pendants: type 6, on which the lunula is turned downward, and type Za lunulaste falusoidne privjeske također nije sasvim jasno jesu li 10, with the lunula turned upward, to which the pendant under rabljeni za konje za vuču ili vojničke konje,12 no često su nalaženi u catalogue number 2 belongs. Besides the pendant covered here, vojničkom kontekstu, osobito oni s kombinacijom ige i falusa. two lunular-phalloid pendants also come from Salona. Both belong Snažno apotropejsko značenje imali su lunulasti falusoidni to group 10, in diferent variants (10c and 10r), which are rather rarely represented.11 In the case of lunular-phalloid pendants, it is 5 Lunula ja snažan zaštitni simbol, privjesci u obliku falusa nošeni su za zaštitu od zla, a iga je poznata još od antičkog doba kao gesta sa zaštitnim značenjem, a tek je u srednjem vijeku postala simbol poruge i uvrede, Kohlert-Nemeth 1988, str. 68; Koščević 2003, str. 30, 32; Ivčević 2003, str. 138. 6 Bishop 1988, str. 98. 7 Bishop 1987, str. 118. 8 Deschler-Erb 1999, str. 55. 9 Bishop 1992, str. 85, sl. 5. 14. 10 Oldenstein 1977, str. 159. 11 Ivčević 2008, str. 219, T. II. 9, 10. 12 Bishop 1988, str. 98. 78 5 The lunula is a powerful protective symbol, phallus-shaped pendants were worn to ward of evil, while “iga” ists were known since ancient times as a gesture with protective meaning, and only in the Middle Ages did it become a symbol of vice and insults, Kohlert-Nemeth 1988, p. 68; Koščević 2003, pp. 30, 32; Ivčević 2003, p. 138. 6 Bishop 1988, p. 98. 7 Bishop 1987, p. 118. 8 Deschler-Erb 1999, p. 55. 9 Bishop 1992, p. 85, Fig. 5. 14. 10 Oldenstein 1977, p. 159. 11 Ivčević 2008, p. 219, P. II. 9, 10. Sanja Ivčević Neobjavljeni privjesci rimske konjske orme iz Salone Unpublished pendants on Roman riding harnesses from Salona privjesci, kojima pripada13 privjesak pod kataloškim brojem 2. also not entirely clear as to weather they were used by draught or Prema Bishopovoj tipologiji privjesaka pripada tipu 10, a najbliži military horses,12 but they were often found in a military context, je inačici 10h, kojoj su značajke: lunula okrenuta prema gore sa particularly in combination with the “iga” ist and phallus. završecima u obliku šake stisnute u igu i falusa, prstenasta ušica A powerful apotropaic meaning was accorded to lunular- za vješanje, te s donje strane falusoidni privjesak i tri ušice za phalloid pendants, to which the pendant13 under catalogue number vješanje privjesaka. Već na prvi pogled na našem se primjerku 2 belongs. According to Bishop’s pendant typology, it belongs to zamjećuje nedorađenost, te je moguće da je riječ o nedovršenom type 10, and its nearest variant is 10h, which bears these features: ili loše lijevanom primjerku. Čini se da je kružni otvor na pločici a lunula turned upward with ends shaped like a good luck ist s gornje strane lunule načinjen naknadno, ne lijevanjem, kako je and a phallus, a ring-shaped loop for hanging, and, on the lower uobičajeno kod prstenastih ušica, kakve su imali takvi privjesci. side, a phalloid pendant and three loops for hanging the pendant. Nadalje, završeci lunule nisu do kraja obrađeni i ne postoje A irst glance of this example reveals its lack of reinement, and otvori za vješanje privjesaka na pločicama s donje strane. O tom it is possible that this is an uninished or poorly cast article. It primjerku postoji samo podatak da potječe iz Salone. Nije poznato would appear that the circular opening on the plate on the upper kako je dospio u Muzej, je li kupljen ili pronađen na lokalitetu. portion of the lunula was made subsequently, and not forged as Zbog nedovršenosti ostaje otvoreno pitanje je li uopće ušao was customary for ring-shaped loops which such pendants had. u uporabu i bio nošen u antičko vrijeme. Privjesci s ušicama za Furthermore, the tips of the lunula were not entirely rendered privjeske s donje strane nešto su rjeđi od onih koji pripadaju and there are no openings to hang the pendants on plates on the istome tipu, ali nisu imali privjeske.14 Lunulasti privjesci traju od lower side. The only extant information on this example is that it is augustovskog razdoblja do početka 3. st., no primjerci poput originally from Salona. It is not known how it arrived in the Museum, našeg datiraju se u 1. st.16 whether it was purchased or found at a site. Its incompleteness 15 Trodijelni listoliki privjesci konstrukcijski se razvijaju iz leaves open the question as to whether it was ever used or worn lunulastih, i to onih sa središnjim privjeskom (tip Bishop 9). during the Roman era. Pendants with loops for pendants on the Javljaju se od klaudijevskog do lavijevskog vremena, nakon čega lower side are somewhat more rare than those belonging to the uglavnom izlaze iz upotrebe. A. K. Lawson i M. Mackensen same group but without pendants.14 Lunular pendants appeared datiraju pojavu tih privjesaka u tiberijevsko-klaudijevsko vrijeme, from the Augustan era to the early third century,15 but examples like no M. C. Bishop tvrdi da su najraniji sigurno datirani primjerci iz these are dated throughout the irst century.16 17 18 Klaudijeva doba. Deschler-Erb donosi jedan primjerak iz Augsta The three-piece foliate pendants developed structurally from 19 pronađen s materijalom iz Tiberijeva doba, a jedan je primjerak the lunular pendants, speciically those with central pendants u Daciji datiran u 2. st., 20 te je pitanje precizne datacije pojave i (Bishop 9 type). They appeared from the Claudian through Flavian trajanja takvih privjesaka još otvoreno. Osim oblika u velikoj mjeri eras, after which they generally fell out of use. A. K. Lawson17 and im je promijenjeno i simboličko značenje, pa su tako na tom tipu M. Mackensen18 dated these pendants to the Tiberian-Claudian era, više zastupljeni simboli plodnosti (hrast i žir, vinova loza i grožđe), but M. C. Bishop asserted that the earliest certainly dated examples dok je kod najranijih lunulastih bila jača zaštitna uloga. Uvijek su are from the Claudian era.19 Deschler-Erb published an example bili vezani s falerom, te gotovo redovito posrebreni i nijelirani. from Augst found with materials from the Tiberian era, and one Postoje brojne inačice oblika; središnji je dio izrađen uglavnom example from Dacia was dated to the second century,20 so the poput lista, a osnovni motivi ukrasa su biljni (hrast, vitice, lišće question of the precise dating of the appearance and duration of vinove loze, stilizirani grozdovi i sl.). such pendants still remains open. Besides their form, their symbolic Dva primjerka iz Salone pripadaju trodijelnim listolikim signiicance also changed, so that fertility symbols (oak and acorns, privjescima koje Bishop u svojoj tipologiji stavlja u tip 1. Luksuzni vines and grapes) are more present on this type, while the earliest privjesak (kat. br. 3, slika 1) odstupa u nekim detaljima od takvih lunular pendants had a more pronounced protective role. They were privjesaka; sa stražnje strane ima dva trna kojima je bio učvršćen always connected by a phalera, and almost regularly silver-plated na neku podlogu, a prstenasti oblik ušice za vješanje koja je and niellated. There are numerous variations in form, generally the vodoravna u odnosu na privjesak, također nije odveć čest. Takva central part is like a leaf, while the basic decorations are plant motifs 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Kohlert-Németh 1988, str. 66; Koščević 2003, str. 30, 32. Bolla 1997, str. 118. Voirol 2000, str. 24; Bishop 1988, str. 98. Radman-Livaja 2004, str. 114. Lawson 1978, str. 153. Mackensen 1991, str. 174. Bishop 1988, str. 96. Deschler-Erb 1999, str. 54. Bishop 1988, str. 96, 142, sl. 43, str. 145, sl. 44. Bishop 1988, p. 98. Kohlert-Németh 1988, p. 66; Koščević 2003, pp. 30, 32. Bolla 1997, p. 118. Voirol 2000, p. 24; Bishop 1988, p. 98. Radman-Livaja 2004, p. 114. Lawson 1978, p. 153. Mackensen 1991, p. 174. Bishop 1988, p. 96. Deschler-Erb 1999, p. 54. 79 VAPD 102, 2009., 75-91 se ušica češće javlja kod falusoidnih privjesaka (Bishop 10). Na (oak, vines, grape leaves, stylized grape bunches, etc.). prednjoj strani privjeska vidljivi su ostaci posrebrenja po cijeloj površini, a urezani biljni motivi ispunjeni su nijelom. Po svojim Two examples from Salona belong to the three-piece foliate pendants which Bishop classiied as type 1 in his typology.21 A značajkama taj je privjesak najbliži inačici Bishop 1x, s većom luxurious pendant (cat. no. 3, ig. 1) difers from such pendants in razlikom u obliku ušice za vješanje, koja je prstenasta, a nalazimo some details; on its back there are two small prongs with which je na inačici 1v.22 the pendant was fastened to a base, while the ring-shaped loop for hanging which is horizontal in relation to the pendant is not very Luksuzni privjesci za ormu ukrašavani su viticama i grozdovima te listovima vinove loze. Na salonitanskom su common, either. It often appears on phalloid pendants (Bishop primjerku listovi iz kojih se izvija vitica srcoliki te podsjećaju 10). On the front of the pendant, the remains of silver-plating are na list bršljana; slični privjesci, poput onih iz Xantena23 ili visible over the entire surface, and the engraved plant motifs were Fürstenberga,24 na tom su mjestu imali list vinove loze. Čini se da inlaid with niello. In terms of features, this pendant is closest to the je kod ukrašavanja konjske opreme rabljen motiv vinove loze, a Bishop 1x variant, with the essential diference in the shape of the oprema za pješaštvo bila je ukrašavana nekom drugom biljnom loop for hanging, which is ring-shaped, and which can be found on ornamentikom. Takvi su privjesci uvijek vješani na faleru. Postoji variant 1v.22 25 pretpostavka da su dodjeljivani kao dona militaria, ili uz njih, Luxurious pendants for riding harnesses are decorated with 26 osobito trodijelni listoliki privjesci, koji su katkad izrađivani u tendrils and grapes and grape leaves. On the Salona example, the iznimno luksuznoj inačici, a oblikom i ukrasom vežu se uz hrastov leaves, from which the tendrils extend, are heart-shaped and recall list te bi se mogli povezati s corona civica,27 koja se dodjeljivala ivy leaves, while similar pendants, such as those from Xanten23 or za zasluge u spašavanju života rimskih građana.28 Neki autori Fürstenberg24 have grape leaves at that same place. It would appear iznose pretpostavku da su osvajani kao nagrada u konjičkim that the grape vine motif was used in the decoration of riding natjecanjima29 ili vojničkim sportskim natjecanjima i sličnim gear, while some other plant ornaments were used for infantry nadmetanjima. Dimenzije i kvaliteta obrade salonitanskog equipment.25 Such pendants were always hung of of phalerae. primjerka sugeriraju da je služio kao središnji ukras na prsima There is the hypothesis that they were conferred with or as dona konja. Kod proučavanja luksuznih primjeraka treba uzeti u obzir militaria,26 particularly the three-piece foliate pendants, which were i da su se prenosili s jednog na drugog vlasnika, što je dobro sometimes made in exceptionally luxurious variants, with a form and dokumentirano graitima na opremi.32 decoration associated with oak leaves, and they may be brought 30 31 Istome tipu pripada i privjesak manjih dimenzija pod into connection with the corona civica27 which was conferred for kataloškim brojem 4, koji se po osnovnim značajkama potpuno saving the lives of Roman citizens.28 Some authors believe they were uklapa u Bishop tip 1.33 Gornji dio je zaobljen, ušica za vješanje won as awards in equestrian competitions,29 or in internal military izrađena savijanjem prema natrag, središnji krak završava sporting tournaments or similar contests.30 The dimensions and palmetom, kao i bočni krakovi, koji su izvijeni i tvore suzolike quality of rendering of the Salona example suggest that it served otvore sa strane. Najbliži je varijantama 1h i 1l, no od obje se as a decoration on the chest of a horse.31 When studying luxurious razlikuje. Dok varijanta 1h ima dva kraka u donjem dijelu, naš examples, consideration must be accorded to the fact that they 34 35 were changed hands from one owner to another, which is welldocumented on the graiti on this equipment.32 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 80 Bishop 1988, str. 145, sl. 44, 1v, 1x. Büttner 1957, T. 7. 2. Boube-Piccot 1964, T. I. Bishop 1988, str. 115. Lawson 1978, str. 152, 153. Corona civica bila je visoko rangirano odličje koje se dodjeljivalo vojnicima zaslužnima za spašavanje života rimskih građana, izrađivala se od hrastova lišća sa žirevima, te se kod dijela autora javila asocijacija na trodijelne listolike privjeske, Lawson 1978, str. 153. Lawson 1978, str. 152. Jenkins 1985, str. 157, bilj. 32. Lawson 1978, str. 152, bilj. 49. A. K. Lawson ih dijeli prema širini pa su tako oni širine oko 7 cm vjerojatno služili kao središnji ukras na čelu ili prsima, oni širine oko 5 cm vješali su se na remenje po tijelu, a oni širine oko 2 cm na remenje na glavi konja; Lawson 1978, str. 153. Jenkins 1985, str. 155. Bishop 1988, str. 96. Bishop 1988, str. 142, sl. 43. 1h. Bishop 1988, str. 142, sl. 43. 1l. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Bishop 1988, p. 96, 142, Fig. 43, p. 145, Fig. 44. Bishop 1988, p. 145, Fig. 44, 1v, 1x. Büttner 1957, P. 7. 2. Boube-Piccot 1964, P. I. Bishop 1988, p. 115. Lawson 1978, pp. 152, 153. The corona civica was a high honour conferred to soldiers for distinguished accomplishments in saving the lives of Roman citizens, made of oak leaves with acorns, and some scholars have associated them with the three-piece foliate pendants, Lawson 1978, p. 153. Lawson 1978, p. 152. Jenkins 1985, p. 157, note 32. Lawson 1978, p. 152, note 49. A. K. Lawson divided them by width, so those approximately 7 cm wide probably served as the central decoration on the forehead or chest, those 5 cm wide were hung on the straps along the body, and those approximately 2 cm wide hung on the straps on the horse’s head; Lawson 1978, p. 153. Jenkins 1985, p. 155. Sanja Ivčević Neobjavljeni privjesci rimske konjske orme iz Salone Unpublished pendants on Roman riding harnesses from Salona Slika 1. Trodijelni listoliki privjesak, druga polovica 1. st. Figure 1. Three-piece foliate pendant. latter half of irst cent. primjerak ima tri, a kod varijante 1l krakovi su različite dužine, A smaller pendant under catalogue number 4, belongs to the i ima otvore na gornjem dijelu te nedostaje poprečna vrpca same type, which completely corresponds to the Bishop 1 type na središnjem kraku. Takvi su privjesci bili redovito ukrašavani according to its basic features.33 The upper part is rounded, the loop urezivanjem, posrebrenjem i nijelom.36 Na površini tog privjeska for hanging was rendered by bending it backward, the middle arm vidljivi su ostaci ukrasa posrebrenjem i nijeliranjem. Kod našeg se terminates in a palmette, like the adjunct arms which are curved, primjerka vide ostaci posrebrenja te urezanog ukrasa koji je bio forming tear-shaped openings on the side. The most similar are ispunjen srebrom. Nema ostataka nijeliranja. Motivi su bili urezani variants 1h34 and 1l,35 but they difer from both. While variant 1h has u broncu i ispunjeni srebrom. Uz rub su bile urezane vitice, a u two arms in the lower part, this example has three, while variant 1l sredini zvjezdoliki motiv. Privjesci poput našeg br. 4, vješani su za has arms of difering lengths and openings on the upper section, faleru i vjerojatno su ukrašavali bočno remenje orme. and the perpendicular band on the middle arm is absent. Such Suzolik oblik, ušica izrađena savijanjem prema naprijed i dno pendants were regularly decorated by engraving, silver-plating u obliku kuglastog zadebljanja smještaju privjesak pod kataloškim and niello inlaying.36 On this example, the remains of silver-plating brojem 5 u Bishopov tip 5. Pojava se tih privjesaka stavlja u and engraved decorations inlaid with silver are visible. There are no klaudijevsko razdoblje, a traju do kraja 2. st. Naš primjerak remains of niello. The motifs were engraved in bronze and inlaid po nekim detaljima odstupa od privjesaka tog tipa, ponajprije with silver. There were engraved tendrils along the edge, and there is po ukrasu od koncentričnih kružnica, koji nije uobičajen, te po a stellate motif in the middle. Pendants like this no. 4 were hung by naglašenom kuglastom ukrasu na dnu koji je kod privjesaka tipa phalerae and probably decorated the side straps of harnesses. 36 Jenkins 1985, str. 145. 37 A. Voirol ih datira od klaudijevskog do Trajanova doba: Voirol 2000, str. 24; M. C. Bishop im pojavu stavlja u klaudijevsko doba: Bishop 1988, str. 96; Radman-Livaja 2004, str. 113. 33 34 35 36 37 Bishop 1988, p. 96. Bishop 1988, p. 142, Fig. 43. 1h. Bishop 1988, p. 142, Fig. 43. 1l. Jenkins 1985, p. 145. 81 VAPD 102, 2009., 75-91 Bishop 5, ako ga imaju, uglavnom jednostavniji i manjih dimenzija. The features of the pendant under catalogue number 5, its Izražena ravna ramena podsjećaju na tip 7, no da bismo ga tear-shape, its loop made by bending forward, and a bottom pripisali tom tipu, nedostaju mu neke karakteristike. shaped like a spherical knob, designate it as Bishop’s type 5. The Primjerak donekle sličan našem je iz Vindonisse, koji se appearance of these pendants is placed in the Claudian era, and razlikuje po kvalitetnijoj izradi. Dok naš primjerak ima tek urezane they endured until the end of the second century.37 This example tri koncentrične kružnice i jednostavnu, prema naprijed savijenu deviates from pendants of that type in some details. First and ušicu, onaj iz Vindonisse ima ušicu izrađenu u obliku glave ptice foremost, the concentric circle decoration, which is not customary, ukrašenu polukružnim urezima, a kružnice na tijelu ispunjene and the prominent spherical decoration on the bottom, which su rozetama. Konstrukcija i oblik privjeska i kuglastog ukrasa na if they even exist on Bishop 5 pendants are much simpler and dnu pokazuju veliku bliskost između ta dva predmeta. Najbliža smaller. The prominent straight shoulder recalls type 7, but some tipološka deinicija tog privjeska je rani suzoliki oblik, odnosno characteristics are lacking for it to be ascribed to this type. 38 prijelazni oblik od trodijelnih listolikih ka suzolikima. Bočni dodaci An example somewhat similar to this one is from Vindonissa,38 u donjem dijelu privjeska bili bi reducirani krakovi oblika iz kojeg which are distinguished by their higher quality rendering. While se tipološki razvija. Salonitanski bismo primjerak mogli datirati the example examined here has only three engraved concentric u klaudijevsko razdoblje, odnosno početak razvoja tipa. Takav je circles and a simple, forward bent loop, the one from Vindonissa jedan privjesak iz Augsta.39 has a loop shaped like a bird’s head decorated with semi-circular Značajke privjeska broj 6 su srcoliki oblik, ušica za vješanje incisions, while the circles on the body are illed with rosettes. izrađena savijanjem prema poleđini privjeska, ukras u gornjem The construction and form of the pendant and spherical The dijelu izveden probojima; završetak na dnu nije sačuvan, ali prema construction and form of the pendant and the spherical decoration analogijama možemo pretpostaviti da je imao kuglasti ukras. Takvi on the bottom indicate the great similarity between these two privjesci pripadaju u skupinu koju M. C. Bishop deinira kao tip 5. items. The closest typological deinition of this pendant is the early Primjerak iz Salone oblikom odgovara njegovoj inačici 5a, ukras tear-shaped form, i.e. the transitional form from the three-piece je također jako blizak onome na našem primjerku, no razlika se foliate to the tear-shaped variety. The adjunct appendages in the zamjećuje u načinu izrade ušice jer naš je primjerak imao ušicu lower part of the pendant would be reduced arms of the form from izrađenu savijanjem prema poleđini; no taj konstrukcijski element which it typologically developed. This example can therefore be ih ne uvjetuje ni vremenski ni tipološki.41 dated to the Claudian era, i.e. the beginning of development of this 40 J. Oldenstein je ovu skupinu, kako je on naziva, srcolikih privjesaka, podijelio u dvije osnovne skupine, koje dalje dijeli na type. An example from Augst is of this type.39 The features of pendant number 6 are its heart-shape, the inačice. Primjerci poput naših nalaze se u skupini koju naziva loop for hanging made by its bending toward the back of the srcoliki privjesci s dnom u obliku puceta.43 Datira ih u 1. i 2. st., pendant, the decoration in the upper part rendered by repoussé, s time da drži kako glatki srcoliki privjesci dulje traju od onih the tip on the bottom is not preserved but, based on analogies, ukrašenih na proboj. R. Koščević sisačke primjerke obrađuje it can be assumed to terminate with a spherical decoration. Such pod zajedničkim nazivom listoliki ili srcoliki privjesci.44 U njezinu pendants belong to the group which M. C. Bishop deined as type skupinu 5c uvršteni su primjerci poput našeg, datirani u 1. st., s 5. The example from Salona corresponds to his variant 5a,40 the napomenom da su češći u istočnom dijelu Carstva. decoration is also quite close to this example, but the diference 42 45 Najraniji privjesci konjske orme javljaju se od početka 1. st., can be seen in the manner of rendering the loop, because this a traju sve do kraja 2. st. Već od druge polovice 2. st. privjesci example has a loop made by bending it toward the back, but this izlaze iz mode, a njihovo mjesto zauzimaju ukrasne pločice, o construction element neither chronologically nor typologically čemu svjedoči nedostatak nalaza u vojničkim grobovima, kao delimits them.41 J. Oldenstein divided this group of, as he called them, heartshaped pendants into two basic groups, which he further broke 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 82 Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, T. 49. 1350. Deschler-Erb 1999, T. 26. 535. Bishop 1988, str. 147, sl. 45; 5a Radman-Livaja 2004, str. 113. Kod sisačkih primjeraka koji su jako slični salonitanskom također su ušice savijene prema poleđini (Koščević 1991, T. XIV. 211, 212), dok treći primjerak iste varijante ima ušicu savijenu prema naprijed (Koščević 1991, T. XIV. 213). Oldenstein u istu skupinu ubraja još i one kojima je ušica izrađena lijevanjem (Oldenstein 1978, T. 30. 199). Oldenstein 1977, str. 124. i dalje. Oldenstein 1977, T. 29. 194. Koščević 1991, str. 47. Koščević 1991, str. 50, T. XIV. 211, 212. 37 A. Voirol dated them from the Claudian era to Trajan’s reign. Voirol 2000, p. 24; M. C. Bishop placed their appearance in the Claudian era: Bishop 1988, p. 96; Radman-Livaja 2004, p. 113. 38 Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, P. 49. 1350. 39 Deschler-Erb 1999, P. 26. 535. 40 Bishop 1988, p. 147, Fig. 45; 5a Radman-Livaja 2004, p. 113. 41 The Sisak examples, which are very similar to those from Salona, also have loops bent toward the back (Koščević 1991, P. XIV. 211, 212), while the third example of the same variant has a loop bent forward (Koščević 1991, P. XIV. 213). Oldenstein included in the same group those on which the loop was forged (Oldenstein 1978, P. 30. 199). Sanja Ivčević Neobjavljeni privjesci rimske konjske orme iz Salone Unpublished pendants on Roman riding harnesses from Salona i na prikazima na kamenim spomenicima.46 Zanimljiv su dio down into variants.42 Examples such as the one examined here vojne opreme zbog razvijene tipologije, te značenja koja su belong to the group he called heart-shaped pendants with poprimali kao predmeti za koje su nositelji vjerovali da pružaju button-shaped bottoms.43 He dated them throughout the irst and stanovitu zaštitu od opasnosti kojoj su vojnici bili izloženi u second century, although he maintained that the smooth heart- ratu od neprijateljskog oružja ili u miru od nesreće, ljubomore i shaped pendants lasted longer than those decorated by repoussé. zlih pogleda. Šest ovdje obrađenih privjesaka svrstano je u pet In analyzing the Sisak examples, R. Koščević encompassed them različitih tipova datiranih u 1. st., a zajedno s već prije obrađenim under the common term foliate or heart-shaped pendants.44 salonitanskim privjescima, koji su podijeljeni u tri različita tipa, Examples like the one examined here are included in her group 5c, a vremenski određeni u 1. i 2. st., svjedoče da su u Saloni bili and dated to the irst century, with the observation that they are zastupljeni uglavnom svi poznati osnovni tipovi privjesaka konjske more frequent in the eastern section of the Empire.45 orme rimske vojske. The earliest pendants on riding harnesses appeared at the beginning of the irst century, and they endured until the end of the second century. Already in the latter half of the second century, pendants fell out of fashion, and their place was taken by small decorative brooches, to which the absence of inds in military graves and in depictions on stone monuments testiies.46 They are an interesting part of military gear due to their developed typology, and the meaning which they assumed as items which their bearers believed accorded them with some protection from the perils to which soldiers were exposed in combat from enemy weapons or in peacetime from mishaps, jealousy or malicious glances. The six pendants analyzed here, classiied in ive diferent types dated within the framework of the irst century together with some earlier Salona pendants already analyzed, which were divided into three diferent types, and dated to the irst and second centuries indicate that in general, all known basic types of pendants for Roman military riding harnesses were present in Salona. 46 Lawson 1978, str. 153. 42 43 44 45 46 Oldenstein 1977, p. 124 and passim. Oldenstein 1977, P. 29. 194. Koščević 1991, p. 47. Koščević 1991, p. 50, P. XIV. 211, 212. Lawson 1978, p. 153. 83 VAPD 102, 2009., 75-91 Katalog Catalogue 1. Inv. br. H-3411, lunulasti privjesak 1. inv. no. H-3411, lunular pendant 84 Nalazište: Salona Find site: Salona Materijal: bronca Material: bronze Mjere: vis. 4 cm, šir. 2,8 cm, deblj. 0,1 cm, deblj. ušice 0,85 cm Dimensions: height - 4 cm, width - 2.8 cm, thickness - 0.1 cm, Opis: lunulasti privjesak zaobljenih ramena; ušica koja je thickness of loop - 0.85 cm izrađena savijanjem prema naprijed završava u obliku zmijske Description: lunular pendant with rounded shoulders, loop glave; na krajevima lunule su bikonična zadebljanja, a središnji rendered by bending forward terminates in snake’s head, privjesak je listolik i završava ovoidnim zadebljanjem; ušica je biconical thickening at tops of lunula, middle pendant foliate, izrađena savijanjem prema natrag i provučena je kroz kružni terminates in ovoid thickening, loop rendered by bending otvor na lunuli. backward and pulled through circular opening on lunula. Datacija: početak 1. st. Dating: early irst cent. Literatura: Unz 1974, str. 39, sl. 11. 126; Lawson 1978, str. 150, References: Unz 1974, p. 39, Fig. 11. 126; Lawson 1978, p. 150, sl. 9. 9; Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, T. 48. 1325; Simpson 2000, T. Fig. 9. 9; Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, P. 48. 1325; Simpson 2000, P. 28. 15; Radman-Livaja 2004, T. 70. 510; Matešić 2005, str. 127, T. 28. 15; Radman-Livaja 2004, P. 70. 510; Matešić 2005, p. 127, P. 21. 271; Bishop, Coulston 2006, str. 121, sl. 70. 4. 21. 271; Bishop, Coulston 2006, p. 121, Fig. 70. 4. Sanja Ivčević Neobjavljeni privjesci rimske konjske orme iz Salone Unpublished pendants on Roman riding harnesses from Salona 2. Inv. br. H-580, lunulasti falusoidni privjesak 2. inv. no. H-580, lunular-phalloid pendant Nalazište: Salona Find site: Salona Materijal: bronca Material: bronze Mjere: vis. 4,3 cm, šir. 5,85 cm, deblj. 1,35 cm Dimensions: height - 4.3 cm, width - 5.85 cm, thickness - 1.35 cm Opis: lunulasti privjesak kojem je lunula okrenuta prema gore; Description: lunular pendant, lunula turned upward, three s donje strane su tri kružne pločice koje nisu probušene, a s circular unpierced plates on lower section, plate with circular gornje strane je pločica s kružnim otvorom; završeci lunule opening on upper section, tips of lunula shaped like “iga” ist su u obliku ige, s jedne, i falusa, s druge strane; privjesak je on one en and phallus on the other, pendent uninished. nedorađen. Dating: irst cent. Datacija: 1. st. References: Behrens 1918, p. 29, Fig. 6; Unz 1972, p. 58, Fig. 7. Literatura: Behrens 1918, str. 29, sl. 6; Unz 1972, str. 58, sl. 7. 71; Unz 1974, pp. 41, 160; Lawson 1978, p. 150, Fig. 9. 12; Bolla 71; Unz 1974, str. 41, 160; Lawson 1978, str. 150, sl. 9. 12; Bolla 1997, P. LIII. 158; Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, P. 58. 1612; Franken 1997, T. LIII. 158; Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, T. 58. 1612; Franken 1998, p. 108, Fig. 205; Simpson 2000, P. 28. 14. 1998, str. 108, sl. 205; Simpson 2000, T. 28. 14. 85 VAPD 102, 2009., 75-91 3. Inv. br. H-3097, trodijelni listoliki privjesak 86 3. inv. no. H-3097, three-piece foliate pendant Nalazište: Salona Find site: Salona Materijal: bronca, nijelo, srebro Material: bronze, niello, silver Mjere: vis. 8,3 cm, šir. 7,75 cm, deblj. 0,4 cm Dimensions: height - 8.3 cm, width - 7.75 cm, thickness - 0.4 cm Opis: s donje strane prstenaste ušice za vješanje izvijaju se Description: ring-shaped loops for hanging on the bottom dvije vitice koje tvore bubrežaste otvore, a gornji dio privjeska section, two tendrils curve to form kidney-shaped openings, ukrašen je biljnim motivom; na središnjem dijelu je bršljanov upper section of pendant decorated with plant motifs; ivy leaf list iz kojeg se izvijaju vitice koje završavaju na jednom in middle section from which tendrils extend which terminate kraju listom, a na drugom stiliziranim grozdovima; donji in leaf on one tip and stylized grapes on the other, lower dio središnjeg rebra nije sačuvan, bočne strane su izvijene part of central rib not preserved, while lateral sides curve i stvaraju bubrežaste otvore, a s donje strane završavaju and create kidney-shaped openings, ending in acorn-shaped ukrasom u obliku žira; sa stražnje strane na vrhovima bočnih decoration in lower section, two prongs on back at ends of ukrasa su dva trna kojima je privjesak bio učvršćen ne lateral decorations with which the pendant was fastened to a podlogu. base. Datacija: druga polovica 1. st. Dating: latter half of irst cent. Literatura: Rabeisen 1990, str. 83, sl. 7. 5; Boube-Piccot 1964, References: Rabeisen 1990, p. 83, Fig. 7. 5; Boube-Piccot 1964, str. 147, T. I. p. 147, P. I. Sanja Ivčević Neobjavljeni privjesci rimske konjske orme iz Salone Unpublished pendants on Roman riding harnesses from Salona 4. Inv. br. H-4917, trodijelni listoliki privjesak 4. inv. no. H-4917, three-piece foliate pendant Nalazište: Salona Find site: Salona Materijal: bronca, srebro Material: bronze, silver Mjere: vis. 5,1 cm, šir. 4,2 cm, deblj. 0,25 cm, deblj. ušice 0,6 cm Dimensions: height - 5.1 cm, width - 4.2 cm, thickness - 0.25 Opis: gornji pločasti dio privjeska u donjem dijelu se razdvaja cm, thickness of loop - 0.6 cm na tri kraka od kojih se središnji postupno sužava i završava Description: upper lattened section of the pendant in the poprečnom vrpčicom, ispod koje je palmeta; bočni krakovi lower part divides into three arms, of which the middle arm se izvijaju i spajaju s privjeskom tvoreći suzoliki otvor, na dnu gradually narrows and terminates in small perpendicular band su im palmete; ušica je izrađena savijanjem prema stražnjoj below which there is a palmette; the lateral arms curve and strani; s prednje strane privjesak je bio posrebren po cijeloj merge with the pendant creating a tear-shaped opening, with površini, od čega su sačuvani samo tragovi; ukras je izrađen palmettes at their bottom; loop-hole is rendered by bending urezivanjem u broncu i umetanjem srebra u urezani motiv backward, pendant was silver-plated over entire frontal koji se sastojao od vitica uz rub, koje su završavale utisnutim surface, of which only traces have been preserved, decoration krugom te središnjim zvjezdolikim listom. made by engraving in bronze and inlaying silver into engraved Datacija: druga polovica 1. st. motif, which consisted of vines along edge which terminated Literatura: Ritterling 1913, T. XII. 37; Boube-Piccot 1964, T. VIII. in impressed circle and a central stellate leaf. 4; Rabeisen 1990, str. 83, sl. 7. 4; Mackensen 1991, str. 171, sl. 2. Dating: latter half of irst cent. 4, 5; Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, T. 51. 1385; Simpson 2000, T. 28. References: Ritterling 1913, P. XII. 37; Boube-Piccot 1964, P. VIII. 4; Voirol 2000, str. 53, T. 11. 101; Nicolay 2002, str. 58, sl. 7; Fahr 4; Rabeisen 1990, p. 83, Fig. 7. 4; Mackensen 1991, p. 171, Fig. 2005, sl. 9. 2. 2. 4, 5; Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, P. 51. 1385; Simpson 2000, P. 28. 4; Voirol 2000, p. 53, P. 11. 101; Nicolay 2002, p. 58, Fig. 7; Fahr 2005, Fig. 9. 2. 87 VAPD 102, 2009., 75-91 5. Inv. br. 2382, suzoliki privjesak 88 5. inv. no. 2382, tear-shaped pendant Nalazište: Salona Find site: Salona Materijal: bronca Material: bronze Mjere: vis. 6,1 cm, šir. 3,8 cm, deblj. 0,15, deblj. ušice 1 cm Dimensions: height - 6.1 cm, width - 3.8 cm, thickness - 0.15, Opis: privjesak je najširi u gornjem dijelu, prema dnu se thickness of loop - 1 cm sužava; zbog oštećenja s obje strane nije moguće utvrditi jesu Description: pendant is widest in its upper section, narrows li bočne strane bile ravno odsječene; površina je ukrašena toward bottom, but not uniformly rather with semi-circular trima urezanim koncentričnim kružnicama koje na sredini protrusion on both sides, surface decorated with three imaju kružnu rupicu; jedna rupica se nalazi na sredini gornjeg engraved concentric circles which have small circular hole in dijela i možda je služila za provlačenje zakovice; ušica je middle, one hole in the middle of the upper section, perhaps izrađena savijanjem prema naprijed, a dno privjeska je u used to pull through rivets, loop rendered by bending obliku kuglastog ukrasa. forward, bottom of pendant shaped like spherical decoration. Datacija: 1. st. Dating: irst cent. Literatura: Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, T. 49. 1350. References: Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, P. 49. 1350. Sanja Ivčević Neobjavljeni privjesci rimske konjske orme iz Salone Unpublished pendants on Roman riding harnesses from Salona 6. Inv. br. H 2413, srcoliki privjesak 6. inv. no. H 2413, heart-shaped pendant Nalazište: Salona Find site: Salona Materijal: bronca Material: bronze Mjere: vis. 3,65 cm, šir. 2,8 cm, deblj. 0,25 cm Dimensions: height - 3.65 cm, width - 2.8 cm, thickness - 0.25 cm Opis: privjesak ima srcolik oblik; ušica za vješanje, kojoj Description: heart-shaped pendant, loop for hanging, with nedostaje dio, izrađena je savijanjem prema poleđini; part missing, made by bending toward back side, bottom and nedostaje dno i dio gornje desne strane; u gornjem dijelu part of upper right side missing, decorated in upper section by ukrašen je probojima bubrežastog i ovalnog oblika. repoussé with kidney and oval shapes. Datacija: 1. st. Dating: irst cent. Literatura: Oldenstein 1976, T. 29. 194; Petru, Petru 1978, T. XV. References: Oldenstein 1976, P. 29. 194; Petru, Petru 1978, P. 27; Koščević 1991, T. XIV. 211, 212; Kovač, Koščević 2003, str. XV. 27; Koščević 1991, P. XIV. 211, 212; Kovač, Koščević 2003, p. 53, kat. br. 96; Radman-Livaja 2004, str. 216, T. 67. 492, str. 217, 53, cat. no. 96; Radman-Livaja 2004, p. 216, P. 67. 492, p. 217, P. T. 68. 493. 68. 493. 89 VAPD 102, 2009., 75-91 Literatura / Bibliography Büttner 1957 Ivčević 2008 Nicolay 2002 A. Büttner, Untersuchungen über S. Ivčević, Privjesci rimske konjske J. A. W. Nicolay, Interpreting Roman Behrens 1918 Ursprung und Entwicklung von orme iz Salone, Archaeologia military equipment and horse gear G. Behrens, Neue und ältere Auszeichnungen im römischen Adriatica 2/1, Zadar 2008, 213-222. from non-military context. The Funde aus dem Legionskasstel Heer, Bonner Jahrbücher 157, Mainz, Mainzer Zeitschrift XII/XIII, Köln 1957, 127-180. 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